{"id":4898,"date":"2026-08-23T13:39:26","date_gmt":"2026-08-23T10:39:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/?p=4898"},"modified":"2026-08-23T13:39:26","modified_gmt":"2026-08-23T10:39:26","slug":"southwestern-somalia-region-nfd-northern-frontier-district-by-salem-sirrieh-translated-to-english-by-ibrahim-ebeid","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/?p=4898","title":{"rendered":"Southwestern Somalia Region (NFD) Northern Frontier District BY SALEM SIRRIEH – TRANSLATED TO ENGLISH BY IBRAHIM EBEID"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Southwestern Somalia\u00a0 Region (NFD)<\/strong> Northern Frontier District<\/strong><\/p>\n

BY SALEM SIRRIEH<\/strong><\/p>\n

TRANSLATED TO ENGLISH BY IBRAHIM EBEID<\/strong><\/p>\n

.
\n<\/strong>On June 20, 1960, British Somaliland declared independence, and former Italian Somaliland gained independence on July 1 (^) CE; this led to the formation of the Somali Democratic Republic, a short-lived Union of both British and Italian Somalia. Adam Abdullahi Osman was elected President of the Republic of Somalia on July 6, 1961, for a six-year term. The union dissolved in 1991 after the murder of Mohamed Siad Barre, marking a significant turning point in Somali history.
\nThe flag of Somalia, which currently features a five-pointed star in the middle, represents Somalia’s regions, which symbolize the greater Somalia divided by the multicolored occupation (English, French, Italian, Ethiopian, and Kenyan) into five states destroyed by conflict. The Somali constitution makes unity among its parts imperative. They are as follows:
\n1\u2014The first region is represented by the State of Djibouti, occupied by French forces and gained independence in 1977.
\n2\u2014The second region is British Somaliland (Somaliland), located northwest of the country. It declared its secession in 1991 but has not been recognized by any other country or international institution. It has an estimated population of 3.5 million, divided between major and minor tribes.
\n3\u2014The third region, which currently bears the name Somalia, has a capital in Mogadishu and is located in the center of Greater Somalia. It became independent from the Italian occupation in 1960. The northern region of Puntland declared autonomy and seceded in 1998. U.S.-Ethiopian plots are now working to fragment it after its coasts were flooded with nuclear waste and its uranium and oil wealth looted there.
\nThe fourth region is Ogaden, or what is known as Western Somalia, which was annexed by the British occupation of Ethiopia in 1954, and its people have been struggling to liberate it until now.
\n5. Region V: Southwestern Somalia (NFD), which Kenya annexed in 1948. (2)
\nProvince of NFD (3):
\nThe southwestern region of Somalia, now known as the North Eastern Kenya Region, the Northern Frontier District (NFD), a British colony, was annexed by the colonial authorities to Kenya in 1948. However, the residents of the territory rejected this decision. In 1963, the Somalis agreed to join the Republic of Somalia in a referendum held by Kenya, but Kenya annulled the referendum with British cooperation. The people of the region refused to participate in Kenya’s first government headed by Jomo Kenyatta, which was formed in 1963 and committed massacres of civilians that are still etched in the minds of the people of the region. This usurped province is the third largest of Kenya’s seven provinces. According to the last census conducted in 1999, the province’s population is estimated at 962,142 people. Its geographical area is 126,902 square kilometers, accounting for about 20% of the country. As of May 2010, its inhabitants felt oppressed, marginalized, and neglected, and lacked public services in all aspects of life, including health and education. (4)
\nNational Struggle:
\nUnder the leadership of the revolutionary Mohamed Abdul Hassan, the Mahdi of Somalia, the Somali people bravely resisted British and Italian colonialism. Despite heavy losses, they stood their ground for twenty years, demonstrating their unwavering determination for freedom. Even during World War I, the Somali hero Abdullahi Mursal led the Somali movement in fighting the British, showing the world the indomitable spirit of the Somali people in their quest for freedom.
\nIn 1947, the Somali Youth Unity Party appeared in Somalia for the first time, calling for unity and independence. The party’s branches spread across Somalia, including the NFD region, and played a significant role in the struggle for independence. Several party centers were founded in the NFD region, including the NFD People’s Club for fraternal solidarity, freedom, and independence. Britain hastened the siege of NFD to prevent the infiltration of the principles of liberty, ordering for the first time the British authorities in Nairobi to enter Kenyan troops into the land of NFD to put down the popular revolutionary movement, to dissolve the parties, to place severe restrictions on the Somali movement, and to find central Kenyan forces in NFD to suppress any Somali revolt.
\nSomalia continued to demand territorial integrity, and after its independence in July 1960, political parties and the government called for the unity of Somali territory and the return of NFD to the motherland. On February 27, 1962, the NFD delegation made e-statements in London (during the period of discussion of the Constitution of Kenya at Lancaster House on the first of March 1962): “We came to London to get separation from Kenya due to the desire of the people of NFD to join the Somali Republic, and we have been demanding secession since 1957 to join our brothers in Somalia, at a time when there was neither the Kano Party nor the Kado Party in Kenya. We chose this moment to present our problem to the “British government because Kenya’s problems must be solved now, and the Northern Territory problem is one of them.” On the morning of March 2, 1962, the world witnessed mass demonstrations in London, Paris, Rome, Cairo, Mogadishu, NFD, and Djibouti, calling for support for the national demands of the people of NFD for self-determination. The desire to join Somalia amounted to 87.76% of the total population, and five of the six regions that make up NFD wish to enter Somalia. When Mr. Sandy, the Colonial Secretary in Nairobi, made dangerous statements about NFD that it would be administered as the seventh province of Kenya (prompting Mr. Kenyatta to say in Nairobi in response to Mr. Sandy’s statement: This is what I do not deviate from. The Somali people staged national demonstrations against the British conspiracy and the Colonial Minister’s statement to separate NFD from Somalia and annex it to Kenya. The government announced the severance of diplomatic relations with Britain. 5)
\nKenya, under the name of protecting its national security, tried to enter Somali territory with the approval of the United Nations and within the forces of the African Union Mission in Somalia, which is supported by the United Nations (AMISOM) to eliminate Al-Shabaab, as it believes that the establishment of a 100-kilometer buffer zone inside Somali territory adjacent to the Kenyan border, in addition to the establishment of the separation wall, which is estimated at the cost of $ 260 million, to help Kenya benefit from the region’s resources and spend them for its economic interests, and on the other hand, dominant control of the port of Kismayo, which The seaport of Kismayo is the lifeline of Al-Shabaab and provides Kenya with a link outside Somalia, and this is the direct strategic goal of the Kenyan military intervention through the African Union Mission (AMISOM).
\nKenya is classified as one of the most influential African capitals attracting work because of the advanced technology with which it has surpassed all East African countries and competes with the Republic of South Africa. (6)<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- See The New Arab
\n<\/strong>https:\/\/www.alaraby.co.uk\/politics\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8<\/strong><\/a>
\n2. Somalia after almost 60 years of independence
\n<\/strong>https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/middleeast-50932431<\/strong><\/a>
\n3- The plight of Somalia from fragmentation to piracy – Aida Al-Azab Musa – 1st Edition in 2009 Al-Shorouk International Library – pp. 53-57
\n4-
\nhttps:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%
\n5. Salem, Hamdi El-Sayed (1965). Somalia, old and new. Cairo, Egypt: National House for Printing and Publishing
\n-6 Amina Al Araimi
\n<\/strong>https:\/\/www.albayan.ae\/opinions\/articles\/2019-01-17-<\/strong><\/a>
\n1.3462162
\nMore details:
\n7-<\/strong>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vAr-Bl9Cu1I<\/strong><\/a>
\n8-<\/strong>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=q2_1zh15njI<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Southwestern Somalia\u00a0 Region (NFD) Northern Frontier District BY SALEM SIRRIEH TRANSLATED TO ENGLISH BY IBRAHIM EBEID . On June 20, 1960, British Somaliland declared independence, and former Italian Somaliland gained independence on July 1 (^) CE; this led to the formation of the Somali Democratic Republic, a short-lived Union of both British and Italian Somalia. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4899,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4898","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4898","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4898"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4898\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4900,"href":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4898\/revisions\/4900"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4899"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4898"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4898"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sawtoroba.com\/Eng\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4898"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}